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Norman Krasna

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Norman Krasna
Born(1909-11-07)November 7, 1909
Queens, New York, United States
DiedNovember 1, 1984(1984-11-01) (aged 74)
Los Angeles, United States
Years active1932–1964
Spouse(s)Ruth Frazee (1940–1950)
Erle Chennault Galbraith (1951–1984)

Norman Krasna (November 7, 1909 – November 1, 1984) was an American screenwriter, playwright, producer, and film director who penned screwball comedies centered on a case of mistaken identity. Krasna directed three films during a forty-year career in Hollywood. He garnered four Academy Award screenwriting nominations, winning once for 1943's Princess O'Rourke, which he also directed.

Biography

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Early life

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Krasna was born in Queens, New York City. He attended Columbia University and St. John's University School of Law, working at Macy's Department Store during the day.

He wanted to get into journalism and talked his way into a job as a copy boy for the Sunday feature department of the New York World in 1928. (He worked with Lewis Weitzenkorn who turned Krasna into a character in the play Five Star Final.[1])

He quit law school, worked his way up to being a drama critic, at first for The World then the New York Evening Graphic and Exhibitors Herald World. He was offered a job with Hubert Voight in the publicity department of Warner Bros. and moved to Hollywood.

Press agent and playwright

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He decided to become a playwright after seeing The Front Page. To learn the craft, he retyped the Ben Hecht–Charles MacArthur classic more than twenty times.[2] Then while at Warners, at nights he wrote a play, Louder, Please, based on his job and heavily inspired by The Front Page[3] with the lead character inspired by his boss, Hubert Voight.[4] Krasna tried to sell the play to Warners who were not interested – indeed they fired him from his job as publicity agent[5] – but it was picked up by George Abbott who produced it on Broadway.[6]

The play had a short run, and Krasna was then offered a contract at Columbia Pictures as a junior staff writer.[7]

Columbia

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In April 1932 he was assigned to his first film, Hollywood Speaks (1932), directed by Eddie Buzzell.[8] He would go on to write four pictures at Columbia, one in collaboration, the rest on his own. After that he was put in charge of the junior writers and no longer wrote on his own.

In August he was working on That's My Boy (1932).[9] In October 1932 he was appointed assistant to Harry Cohn.[10]

Krasna wrote So This Is Africa (1933) for Wheeler and Woolsey, who had come to Columbia for one movie. He also did Parole Girl (1933).[11]

In June 1933 Eddie Buzzell arranged for Universal to borrow Krasna from MGM to work on the script for Love, Honor, and Oh Baby! (1933).[12] While there he worked on a script Countess of Monte Cristo.[13] In January 1934 Universal assigned him to write The Practical Joker for Chester Morris.[14]

During the evening he wrote another play, Small Miracle, which was produced on Broadway in 1934. It had a reasonable run and earned good reviews.

Columbia loaned Krasna to MGM where he worked on Meet the Baron (1933). He went to RKO where he wrote The Richest Girl in the World (1934), which earned him an Oscar. He stayed at that studio to do Romance in Manhattan (1935).

Paramount

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In November 1934 Krasna signed a two-year contract at Paramount at $1,500 a week.[15][16] While there, he adapted Small Miracle into Four Hours to Kill! (1935), directed by Mitchell Leisen.[17] He also wrote Hands Across the Table (1935).[18]

Back at MGM, Krasna worked on Wife vs. Secretary (1936).

Around the time of Small Miracle he had an idea for a play about a lynching, Mob Rule, but was persuaded against writing it as a play on the grounds it was non commercial. He told the idea to Joseph Mankiewicz who bought it as a film for MGM. It became Fury (1936), directed by Fritz Lang.[19] The film earned Krasna an Oscar nomination.[20]

In August 1936 Paramount announced that Krasna would make his directorial debut in a movie he wrote for George Raft, Wonderful, co-starring Helen Burgess.[21] However the following month Raft objected and the project was suspended.[22] (The film was made two years later, as You and Me (1938) with Fritz Lang directing.)

At Warners he wrote The King and the Chorus Girl (1937) with good friend Groucho Marx.

In November 1936 he was reportedly working on a new version of Hotel Imperial.[23] He moved to Universal to do As Good as Married (1937) for his old collaborator Eddie Buzzell[24]

MGM

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In early 1937 he went to MGM for Big City (1937) with Spencer Tracy, which Krasna also produced.[25] He also wrote and produced The First Hundred Years (1938), originally called Turnabout. In August 1938 MGM announced he would produce The Broadway Melody of 1939.[26] He was also going to produce a James Stewart film about the ship CSS Patrick Henry.[27] Krasna ended up making neither of the latter two.

RKO

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In December 1938 Kransa joined RKO and was assigned to work for George Stevens.[28] He wrote the script for Bachelor Mother (1939), which was a huge success.

In April 1939 his income for the previous year was $83,000.[29]

In September 1939 he signed a contract with Universal to write the Deanna Durbin vehicle It's a Date (1940).[30]

For Carole Lombard he wrote Mr. & Mrs. Smith (1941) at RKO, which he sold for $60,000 in 1939. [31][32]

In April 1940 he signed an agreement with Jean Arthur and Arthur's husband Frank Ross to write and produce a film.[33] That became The Devil and Miss Jones (1941), which he co-produced. It was released by RKO. A second film was announced by the company, Googer Plays the Field, but was never made.[34]

Instead he did two films for Universal: the René Clair-directed The Flame of New Orleans (1940)[35] and another Durbin vehicle for Joe Pasternak, It Started with Eve (1941).[36] He was working on another Durbin film The Good Fair.[37]

In September 1941 Krasna was in New York working on a script, Fire Escape, produced by Ross.[38] this became The Man with Blond Hair (1941), which he later described as his "attempt to win the Nobel Peace Prize". It only ran seven performances and encouraged Krasna to focus on comedies for the rest of his career. "I got burned" he said later.[39]

Turning director

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In February 1942, Krasna signed a contract to Warner Bros to write and direct.[40] This resulted in Princess O'Rourke (1943), which earned him the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay. However, his career momentum as director was interrupted when he went into the U.S. Army Air Corps in September 1942, serving with the First Motion Picture Unit.[41]

While in the service, Krasna directed a film about the activities of the Officer Training School. He spent most of his time in the Air Corps at Camp Roach in Los Angeles, enabling him to live in his house in Beverly Hills.

During his war service, he continued to write in his spare time. He sent his old Bachelor Mother producer Buddy DeSylva, now at Paramount, the story for what would become Practically Yours (1944).[42] He also adapted The Man with Blond Hair into a movie: in October 1943 Warners announced they purchased an unproduced play by Krasna called Night Action as a vehicle for Helmut Dantine (which was The Man with Blond Hair); the film was not made.[43][44] In March 1944 RKO said they would make a film based on Krasna's story The Hunter Girl with Laraine Day – this was in fact another version of The Richest Girl in the World and was released as Bride by Mistake (1944).[45] He also wrote Dear Ruth.

Broadway success

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Moss Hart suggested Krasna write something like Junior Miss and Krasna responded with Dear Ruth. This debuted on Broadway in November 1944, financed solely by Lew Wasserman, and was a massive hit, running for 680 performances; the film rights were sold for over $450,000.[46] (It was the basis of the 1947 film Dear Ruth 1947). By December 1945 it had earned over $1 million on Broadway and led to two touring productions, three USO productions and a plagiarism suit.[47] (In August 1946 Krasna won the plagiariam suit.[48])

Krasna followed it with another comedy for Broadway, John Loves Mary (1947), originally William and Mary, directed by Joshua Logan. It was also very popular and was made into a film (at Warners, sold for $150,000 going up to $250,000) that Krasna did not work on.[49][50]

Less successful was the play Time for Elizabeth (1947), co-written with Krasna's friend Groucho Marx, originally called The Middle Ages which had been written years earlier. The show ran for only eight performances, although film rights were sold for over $500,000. (The film was never made).

In January 1948 he was reportedly working on a musical with Irving Berlin, Stars on my Shoulder.[51] This ended a few months later over a financial disagreement.[52]

Krasna returned to directing feature films with The Big Hangover (1950) for MGM. He sold the script for a big amount but the movie was not a success.[53]

Newspaper reports said he provided the original story for Borderline (1950) but he is not credited in the movie.[54]

Wald-Krasna Productions

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In June 1950 he and Jerry Wald formed a production company which was to start when Wald's contract with Warners expired.[55] Later that month Howard Hughes announced he had bought out the remainder of Wald's contract with Warners for $150,000 so the duo could make 8-12 films a year at RKO.[56]

In August they announced a $50 million slate of pictures – 12 films a year over five years.[57] Among the films they were going to make were The Helen Morgan Story,[58] Stars and Stripes starring Al Jolson, Behave Yourself, Size 12, Mother Knows Best, Easy Going, Country Club, The Strong Arm, Call Out the Marines, The Harder They Fall based on the novel by Budd Schulberg with Robert Ryan, Present for Katie by George Beck, Galahad, Cowpoke with Robert Mitchum, Strike a Match, The Blue Veil, All the Beautiful Girls to be directed by Busby Berkeley, Clash by Night by Clifford Odets, A Story for Grown Ups (based on The Time for Elizabeth), All Through the Night, Pilate's Wife, I Married a Woman, Years Ago, a biopic of Eleanor Duse. They had independence to make films up to $900,000.[59][60][61] They bought rights to The Big Story radio show.

By March 1951 the team had made no films.[62] They announced The Blue Veil, Strike a Match, Behave Yourself, Clash By Night, Cowpoke, The USO Story, Girls Wanted, Size 12, The Harted They Fall, I Married a Woman, All the Beautiful Girls and Beautiful Model.[63]

Their first four films were Behave Yourself! (1951), The Blue Veil (1951), Clash by Night (1952) and The Lusty Men. (1952)

In November 1951 Krasna said he "liked it" at RKO "but they would have liked mediocrity".[64] However, in December Krasna and Wald announced they intended to pick up their option to stay at RKO.[65]

In January 1952 the team announced they had renegotiated their deal with Hughes again, and wanted to make two more films that year – one based on an original story by Krasna, the other directed by Krasna with Wald being executive producer. Wald said, "Norman and I didn't feel there was enough work for the two of us as executive producers... Norman wants to devote more time to writing."[66] They were going to do High Heels and a musical version of Rain called Miss Sadie Thompson.[67]

However Wald and Krasna became continually frustrated with Hughes. In May 1952 Wald bought out Krasna's interest in the company for $500,000 and Krasna returned to writing.[68][69] In November 1952 Wald was appointed head of production at Columbia. He took some properties he developed with Krasna including Miss Sadie Thompson and an original of Krasna's Darling I Love You.[70]

Return to Broadway

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In July 1952 Krasna signed a contract with Paramount to write White Christmas (1954), originally meant to be a vehicle for Bing Crosby and Fred Astaire.[71] His fee was $100,000;[72] the film was a massive hit.

He returned to Broadway with a play he had written years earlier: Kind Sir starring Charles Boyer and Mary Martin directed by Joshua Logan.

In February 1954 Krasna announced he would write and direct an original film for Wald, now at Columbia, Speak to Me of Love.[73] The title of this was changed to The Ambassador's Daughter. The film ended up not being made at Columbia – in February 1955 Krasna signed a two-picture deal to write and direct at Universal; the first was to be The Ambassador's Daughter and the second was Red Roses. The latter ended up not being made.[74]

Ambassador starred actor John Forsythe who was put under personal contract to Krasna.[75] Krasna wanted to reteam de Havilland and Forsythe in a film called Cabaret but it was never made.[76]

In November 1954 Krasna was going to direct Jack of Spades starring Jackie Gleason but it was never made.[77] Neither was a proposed film version of Time Out for Elizabeth although he and Marx sold it to Warners for $500,000 in October 1955.[78]

In October 1956 Krasna signed to adapt the novel Stay Away Joe for MGM with Feur and Martin.[79] (No film or show would result.)

A Time for Elizabeth was adapted for television.[80] Krasna adapted Kind Sir as Indiscreet (1958), starring Cary Grant and Ingrid Bergman. Unlike the play it was a big success.

In August 1957 Krasna announced his play My Wife and I would be produced on Broadway with David Merrick.[81] This became Who Was That Lady I Saw You With? (1958). Krasna then adapted this play for the screen and produced what became Who Was That Lady? (1960).

In July 1958 he signed to write a film for Jerry Wald, then at Fox, called High Dive. It was not made.[82]

In July 1959 he signed to make what would become My Geisha.[83]

In August 1959 Wald announced Fox would make The Billionaire from a script by Krasna starring Gregory Peck.[84] This became Let's Make Love (1960), the penultimate movie for Marilyn Monroe.

In June 1960 Richard Quine announced Krasna would adapt Leslie Storm's play Roar Like a Dove for Doris Day. It was not made.[85]

Seven Arts

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Krasna wrote Sunday in New York, which reached Broadway with Robert Redford in 1961, directed by Garson Kanin. The film rights were bought by Ray Stark at Seven Arts, who formed a relationship with Krasna. They helped finance the film version of Sunday for which Krasna wrote the script.

In 1961 Krasna announced his play French Street, based on the Jacques Deval play Ramon Saro, would be produced by Seven Arts the following year, and turned into a film based on a script by Krasna, but the play did not go to Broadway and no film resulted.[86][87]

In October 1962 Seven Arts announced they had bought the film rights to the Krasna play Watch the Birdie! and would co produce the play.[88]

Later career

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In May 1963 he signed to adapt A Shot in the Dark for Anatole Litvak.[89] However Litvak was replaced by Blake Edwards and Krasna's script was not used.

In 1964 Garson Kanin announced he would direct both the Broadway production and film of Krasna's script Naked Mary, Will You Come Out?[90] However no production resulted.

A comic play Love in E-Flat (1967) had a short run on Broadway.[91] Reviewing it Walter Kerr said "Norman Krasna has become a pale echo of Norman Krasna."[92]

In October 1967 he was reportedly working on a play called Blue Hour with Abe Burrows.[93] David Merrick announced he would produce it.[94] However it was never produced.

Some of his plays did reach Broadway: Watch the Birdie! (1969); Bunny (1970); We Interrupt This Program... (1975), a thriller; and Lady Harry (1978), which premiered in London. "Don't write anything without being sure of your market", said Krasna around the time of Lady Harry. "I like to think I've become a craftsman. When I was a kid I tried to knock them dead line by line. Now I like to build it more gently in a kid of mosaic."[95] His last produced play was Off Broadway (1982).

Krasna spent many years living in Switzerland, but returned to Los Angeles before his death in 1984.

Personal life

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From 1940 to 1950 Krasna was married to Ruth Frazee, sister of actress Jane Frazee, with whom he had two children. They were divorced in April 1950 and she was awarded $262,500 and custody of the children.[96]

In December 1951 he eloped with Al Jolson's widow Erle to Las Vegas.[97][98] She had two children from her marriage to Jolson. They moved into the Palm Springs, California, home of Erle and Jolson.[99] She inherited $1 million in trust and a $1 million property from Jolson.[100]

They remained married until Krasna's death in 1984. He had six children.

Partial filmography

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Scripts for unrealized films

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  • Wonderful (circa 1936) – film for George Raft[7]
  • Hello, Russky! (mid-1950s) – a comedy about the Moiseyev Ballet with director René Clair[101]|* Speak to Me of Love (1954)[102]
  • High Dive (circa 1959) – film for Jerry Wald about a water clown at a water carnival[103]
  • French Street (early 1960s)[104]

Theatre credits

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Unproduced plays

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Academy Awards

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Won

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Nominated

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References

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  1. ^ "Child Actors Have Innings". Los Angeles Times. April 6, 1931. p. A7.
  2. ^ "Norman Krasna, 74, Is Dead; Playwright and Screenwriter". The New York Times. November 7, 1984.
  3. ^ McGilligan, p. 213}
  4. ^ Shippey, Lee (March 2, 1935). "The Lee Side o'L. A.". Los Angeles Times. p. A4.
  5. ^ Parsons, Louella O. (February 7, 1942). "Back to Firing Line!". The Washington Post. p. 14.
  6. ^ Scheuer, Philip K. (August 9, 1931). "A Town Called Hollywood". Los Angeles Times. p. B9.
  7. ^ a b Graham, Sheilah (August 28, 1936). "Krasna Climbs To Top Of Film Ladder In Four Years". Los Angeles Times.
  8. ^ "Many Writers Added to Columbia's Staff". Los Angeles Times. 17 April 1932. p. B11.
  9. ^ "Notes From the Hollywood Studios". The New York Times. 7 August 1932. p. X3.
  10. ^ "Krasna Cohn's Ass't". Variety. 18 October 1932. p. 4.
  11. ^ "Studio Reports Heavy Program". Los Angeles Times. January 2, 1933. p. A8.
  12. ^ "News and Reviews of the Stage, Screen and Music". Los Angeles Times. June 3, 1933. p. A7.
  13. ^ Scheuer, Philip K. (December 24, 1933). "A Town Called Hollywood". Los Angeles Times. p. A5.
  14. ^ "Navy Beans Help Director Figure Camera Angles". Los Angeles Times. January 14, 1934. p. A7.
  15. ^ https://archive.org/details/variety116-1934–11/page/n3 [dead link]
  16. ^ "Screen Notes". The New York Times. November 8, 1934. p. 27.
  17. ^ "Playwright, Screenwriter Krasna Dies". Los Angeles Times. November 7, 1984. ProQuest 153994378.
  18. ^ "Cicely Courtneidge, Noted English Actress, Will Play in American Picture". Los Angeles Times. June 28, 1935. p. 9.
  19. ^ Skolsky, Sidney (June 8, 1936). "Hollywood". The Washington Post. p. 14.
  20. ^ "Nominees Listed for Film Awards". The New York Times. February 8, 1937. p. 12.
  21. ^ "George Raft Will Star in "Wonderful" With Helen Burgess as Femme Lead: Writer of Story Will Also Direct". Los Angeles Times. August 18, 1936. p. A15.
  22. ^ "News Of The Screen". The New York Times. September 3, 1936. ProQuest 101680687.
  23. ^ "News From Hollywood New York Times". November 20, 1936. p. 27.
  24. ^ "Of Local Origin". The New York Times. December 22, 1936. p. 32.
  25. ^ "Three New Films Listed for Today". The New York Times. May 29, 1937. p. 21.
  26. ^ "Don Ameche Borrowed for 'Broadway Melody'". Los Angeles Times. August 17, 1938. p. 13.
  27. ^ "Jimmy Savo Hailed Hurriedly From East for Solo Starring Film". Los Angeles Times. February 7, 1938. p. A14.
  28. ^ "Krasna Joins R.K.O. Under Expansion Plan". Los Angeles Times. December 22, 1938. p. 11.
  29. ^ "High Salaries Paid in Nation in 1937 as Listed by Treasury". The New York Times. April 8, 1939. p. 7.
  30. ^ "Screen News Here and in Hollywood". The New York Times. September 12, 1939. p. 35.
  31. ^ "Screen News Here and in Hollywood". The New York Times. November 7, 1939. p. 35.
  32. ^ "News of the Screen: Carole Lombard to Resume as Comedienne in 'Mr. and Mrs.'". The New York Times. February 19, 1940. p. 23.
  33. ^ "News of the Screen". The New York Times. April 13, 1940. p. 23.
  34. ^ "Douglas MacLean Wins Film Producer Post". Los Angeles Times. January 23, 1941. p. 13.
  35. ^ Scheuer, Philip K. (January 26, 1941). "Town Called Hollywood". Los Angeles Times. p. C3.
  36. ^ "News of the Screen". The Christian Science Monitor. March 10, 1941. p. 11.
  37. ^ "News of the Screen". The New York Times. December 27, 1940. p. 22.
  38. ^ "Notes on the Theatre as the New Season Gets Slowly Under Way: Gossip of the Rialto". The New York Times. September 21, 1941. p. X1.
  39. ^ "'Dark Horse' Off to Sunday Night". The New York Times. November 13, 1941. p. 34.
  40. ^ "Screen News Here and in Hollywood". The New York Times. February 5, 1942. p. 25.
  41. ^ KRASNA, Norman Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved November 26, 2023.
  42. ^ "Drama and Film". Los Angeles Times. September 7, 1943. p. 14.
  43. ^ "Screen News Here and in Hollywood". The New York Times. October 27, 1943. p. 27.
  44. ^ Davis, George Kidder. "Columbia Pictures vs Krasna". Supreme Court Appellate Division-First Department.
  45. ^ "Screen News Here and in Hollywood". The New York Times. March 17, 1944. p. 14.
  46. ^ "Screen News: 'Dear Ruth' Is Bought For Reported $450,000". The New York Times. February 8, 1945.
  47. ^ Zoltow, Sam (December 12, 1945). "'Brighten Corner' Will Open Tonight". The New York Times. p. 36.
  48. ^ "Krasna Wins Suit: Columbia Charge of Plagiarism Dismissed by Justice Null". The New York Times. August 17, 1946. p. 16.
  49. ^ "Drama and Film". Los Angeles Times. March 6, 1947. p. A2.
  50. ^ "Bonanza For Plays on New Year's Eve". The New York Times. January 2, 1948. p. 16.
  51. ^ "Hedda Hopper--Looking at Hollywood". Los Angeles Times. January 29, 1948. p. 18.
  52. ^ Funke, Lewis (May 2, 1948). "News and Gossip of the Rialto". The New York Times. p. 81.
  53. ^ Weiler, A. H. (March 13, 1949). "By Way Report: Norman Krasna Sells Self as Director of Own Comedy". The New York Times. p. X5.
  54. ^ "Taurog to Direct Comedy at Metro". The New York Times. May 25, 1949. p. 37.
  55. ^ "Wald and Krasna Plan Movie Firm: Producer and Scenarist to Do Independent Projects After Former's Contract Ends". The New York Times. 15 June 1950. p. 41.
  56. ^ "10 Religious Films to be Made by Fox". The New York Times. June 19, 1950. p. 17.
  57. ^ Schallert, Edwin (August 16, 1950). "Film Men Wald and Krasna Tell Production Plans". Los Angeles Times.
  58. ^ Schallert, Edwin (August 14, 1950). "'Caesar' Put on Spring Schedule; Marine Spy Subject May Star Cobb". Los Angeles Times. p. B7.
  59. ^ "Wald and Krasna Plan Eight Movies". The New York Times. August 16, 1950. p. 25.
  60. ^ Schallert, Edwin (August 16, 1950). "Film Men Wald and Krasna Tell Production Plans". Los Angeles Times. p. A8.
  61. ^ "Wald-Krasna Set Starting Dates for Seven Films". Los Angeles Times. November 16, 1950. p. A12.
  62. ^ "On the Planning Stages With Wald and Krasna". The New York Times. March 4, 1951. p. 101.
  63. ^ "RKO Prepares to Start Films Costing 10 Million". Los Angeles Times. February 5, 1951. p. 22.
  64. ^ "R. K. O. to Decide on Wald, Krasna: Studio Has 60 Days in Which to Pick Up Its Option on the Producing Team Decision of Court Upheld". The New York Times. November 3, 1951. p. 9.
  65. ^ Pryor, Thomas M. (December 26, 1951). "Differences Between Producing Team and Howard Hughes Are Reported Settled". The New York Times. p. 20.
  66. ^ "Hollywood's Militant Stand". The New York Times. January 13, 1952. p. X5.
  67. ^ Hopper, Hedda (February 13, 1952). "Looking at Hollywood: Singing Sadie Thompson Sought for Movie Musical Version of 'Rain'". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. b7.
  68. ^ Pryor, Thomas M. (May 3, 1952). "Jerry Wald Is Set To Buy Out Krasna: Completes Deal For Interest In Film Firm They Share – Company Stays At R.K.O.". The New York Times.
  69. ^ McGilligan, p. 228
  70. ^ Pryor, Thomas M. (November 2, 1952). "Hollywood Change: Appointment of Wald as Columbia's Top Producer Held Significant -- Addenda". The New York Times. p. X5.
  71. ^ Pryor, Thomas M. (July 1, 1952). "Hayward Is Named to Star in Fox Film: Will Play Rachel Jackson in 'President's Lady' at Studio -- Sol Siegel to Produce It". The New York Times. p. 19.
  72. ^ https://archive.org/details/variety189-1953–02/page/n77 [dead link]
  73. ^ Schallert, Edwin (February 1, 1954). "Drama: Wald, Krasna Renewing Association; Top Disc Jockey Inspiring Film". Los Angeles Times. p. B9.
  74. ^ Schallert, Edwin (February 9, 1955). "Ace Comedian Tati Will Do 'My Uncle'; Road Race Themes Film; Krasna Set". Los Angeles Times. p. 21.
  75. ^ "Drama: Krasna Setting Deal With John Forsythe". Los Angeles Times. April 27, 1956.
  76. ^ Schallert, Edwin (March 22, 1956). "Drama: Linda Christian Named for 'Starlet Street;' De Havilland Film Slated". Los Angeles Times. p. A11.
  77. ^ "Gleason Ponders lead Role in Film". The New York Times. November 27, 1954. p. 18.
  78. ^ "Drama: Groucho and Warners Make $500,000 Deal". Los Angeles Times. October 6, 1955. p. A6.
  79. ^ Schallert, Edwin (November 2, 1956). "Lately Wed Florence Marly Does Moll; Feuer and Martin Sign Krasna". Los Angeles Times. p. 31.
  80. ^ "News and Notes From the TV-Radio World". The New York Times. May 19, 1957. p. X11.
  81. ^ "Farce by Krasna Due on Broadway: 'My Wife and I' to Be Staged This Season--". The New York Times. August 16, 1957. p. 12.
  82. ^ "Krasna Writing Script for Fox: Preparing 'High Dive,' Film About Water Carnival". The New York Times. 4 July 1958. p. 17.
  83. ^ "Steve Parker Will Produce Krasna Film". Los Angeles Times. July 8, 1959. p. B8.
  84. ^ "McIntire Assigned to 'Elmer Gantry'". Los Angeles Times. August 21, 1959. p. 23.
  85. ^ "Quine Lists Films on a Busy Agenda". The New York Times. June 11, 1960. p. 12.
  86. ^ Esterow, Milton (December 24, 1961). "News of the Rialto". The New York Times. p. X3.
  87. ^ Calta, Louis (December 19, 1961). "Krasna's 'French Street' Listed For Production Next Season". The New York Times. p. 38.
  88. ^ Schumach, Murray (October 30, 1962). "Filmmaker Sets Busy Stage Role: 7 Arts, as Backer, Differs From MCA on Aloofness". The New York Times. p. 30.
  89. ^ "Film Events: 'Robin' Goes to Warners". Los Angeles Times. May 16, 1963. p. C6.
  90. ^ Zolotow, Sam (December 11, 1964). "Becks Returning to Face Jail Term". The New York Times. p. 55.
  91. ^ Zolotow, Sam (August 1, 1966). "Krasna Comedy Due This Winter: Producer Says Play Will Eschew the Perverse". The New York Times. p. 22.
  92. ^ Kerr, Walter (March 19, 1967). "How to Tell One Flop From Another: Memorable Baskets How to Tell the Flops Ague to Abandon". The New York Times. p. D1.
  93. ^ Leonard, William (October 22, 1967). "Burrows Proud of Broadway and Its Comedy: Burrows Proud of Broadway, Its Comedy". Chicago Tribune. p. e11.
  94. ^ Zolotow, Sam (March 27, 1968). "Merrick Record: 8 Plays at Once: ' Myrtle,' Opening Tonight, to Eclipse His Old Mark". The New York Times. p. 41.
  95. ^ "Song of the suburbs". The Guardian. February 17, 1978. p. 8.
  96. ^ "Norman Krasna's Wife Gets $262,500 From Divorce Suit". Los Angeles Times. April 28, 1950.
  97. ^ "Jolson's Widow Elopes With Producer". The News and Courier. 8 December 1951. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
  98. ^ Hopper, Hedda (December 8, 1951). "Al Jolson's Widow Elopes With Film Producer Krasna: Couple Married in Hotel Chapel at Las Vegas". Los Angeles Times. p. A1.
  99. ^ Meeks, Eric G. (2012). The Best Guide Ever to Palm Springs Celebrity Homes. Horatio Limburger Oglethorpe. p. 178. ISBN 978-1479328598.
  100. ^ "Jolson's Widow Gets $1,000,000 Estate Award". Los Angeles Times. January 22, 1952. p. A1.
  101. ^ McGilligan, p. 224
  102. ^ Pryor, Thomas M. (February 13, 1954). "Miss Tierney Set For Krasna Film: She Will Star In 'Speak To Me Of Love' At Columbia – Van Johnson Weighs Role". The New York Times.
  103. ^ Pryor, Thomas M. (July 4, 1958). "Krasna Writing Script For Fox: Preparing 'High Dive,' Film About Water Carnival – Goldwyn Rebuilding Set". The New York Times.
  104. ^ a b Calta, Louis (December 19, 1961). "Krasna's 'French Street' Listed For Production Next Season". The New York Times.
  105. ^ Review of play at Variety
  106. ^ "Small Miracle". Internet Broadway Database. Retrieved 2015-11-12.
  107. ^ "Small Miracle". Playbill Vault. Playbill. Retrieved 2015-11-12.
  108. ^ Atkinson, Brooks (September 27, 1934). "The Play: 'Small Miracle' Being a Slice of New York Life in a Theatre Lobby". The New York Times. Retrieved 2015-11-16.
  109. ^ Atkinson, Brooks (November 5, 1941). "The Play". The New York Times.
  110. ^ Kerr, Walter (February 14, 1967). "Theater: Filtered Play in a Minor Key: 'Love in E Flat' Opens at Brooks Atkinson". The New York Times.
  111. ^ Barnes, Clive (April 2, 1975). "'We Interrupt,' Situation Thriller, Arrives". The New York Times.
  112. ^ Catinellamontclair, Joseph (March 28, 1982). "Krasna 'Comedy' Offered in Montclair". The New York Times.
  113. ^ Pye, Michael; Krasna, Norman (February 19, 1978). "He's not perfect – but he did know Groucho". The Sunday Times.
  114. ^ "Screen News Here And In Hollywood: Warners Buy 'Night Action' For Helmut Dantine – Fifth Ave. Playhouse To Reopen". The New York Times. October 27, 1943.
  115. ^ Calta, Louis (March 30, 1948). "Logan, Huston Set For New Musical: Director And Actor Are Slated For Berlin-Krasna Show, 'Stars On My Shoulders'". The New York Times.
  • McGilligan, Patrick, "Norman Krasna: The Woolworth's Touch", Backstory: Interviews with Screenwriters of Hollywood's Golden Age, University of California Press,1986 p212-240
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